By Damlanur Tat
Convention concerning Minimum Age for Admission to Employment, No. 138: It had been adopted on 26 June 1973 at The General Conference of International Labour Organisation.
Convention concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour, No.182: It had been adopted in 1999 by ILO.
AFGHANISTAN
ILO** Conventions No: 138 and a 182 had been ratified in 2010. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
According to UNICEF’s 2010 data, 25 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are working in Afghanistan. (www.cia.gov/) Children have to work both for themselves and their families, Afghanistan being the second poorest country in the world. They are also forced by Taliban to become child soldiers. (www.humanium.org).
According to USDOL, in 2013, Afghanistan made moderate progress in eliminating worst forms of child labor. The Government of Afghanistan announced a list of 29 occupations prohibited for children. Directives preventing employment and sexual exploitation of children were also prepared. The Afghan government also began participating in a project to combat child labor in the carpet sector. *
Afghanistan is a source, transit and destination country for human trafficking and forced labor. Trafficking within Afghanistan is more prevalent than transnational trafficking. Children in Afghanistan usually exposed to human trafficking and forced to labour in carpet weaving, brick production, households, and drug trafficking. It is known that some children are intentionally sold by their families for sexual exploitation purposes. Especially boys are used for bacha baazi, a social and sexual amusement tradition of the country.#.
Although all these advancements are hopeful, children in Afghanistan are still used in many fields from household chores, collecting garbage, drug trafficking to sexual exploitation.
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 1998, convention no 182 in 2001. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
According UNESCO’s 2014 data in Albania, 4,6 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are working. 92,5% of children in this age group are attending school. Children combining school and work, ages 7 to 14 years are 5,2 %. Children ( approx. 90% of them in agriculture) are engaged in child labor in agriculture, mining, construction, begging, and are also engaged in the worst forms of child labor in drug trafficking, sexual abuse and forced labor.*.
According to USDOL in 2013, Albania made great progress with eliminating the worst forms of child labor. The government established a law declaring possession of child pornography illegal, and increased the penalties for other crimes against children.
Traditions such as blood feud and marriage at a young age affect children in the country. Poverty as well lowers the living conditions (www.savethechildren.se). (www.savethechildren.se). In addition to those, Albania is a source country for human trafficking and forced labor. Some children are forced to labor and beg. Some girls are trafficked for sexual exploitation and forced to work under the name of agreed marriage.#.
In Albania, 5 ILO** Projects had been carried out in years 2003 to 2010 aiming to combat the worst forms of child labor and child trafficking. #
ALGERIA
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 1984, convention no 182 in 2001. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
Data on child labor have been collected by state but not issued. For this reason it is difficult to evaluate and to explain the situation on child labor.#. According to UN data, 5 % of the children are working. (http://un.org/)
The state made regional studies to prevent forced child labor domestically, enacted a law including a list of dangerous tasks for children. Algerian law does not clearly establish 18 as the minimum age for hazardous work, and does not prohibit the use of children in illicit activities. It is known that children are sexually exploited and some are trafficked through Mali.*.
ANGOLA
ILO** Conventions NO 138 and 182 had been ratified in 2001. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
According to USDOL, in 2013, Angola made a moderate progress in eliminating the worst forms of child labor. Angola also began investigating against child trafficking and child protection programs have been carried out. Nevertheless, children in Angola are still being occupied with agriculture and mining. The absence of compulsory school age in the country is the main reason why children under 14 are exposed to the worst forms of child labor. According to UNESCO data for 2014 25.7% of children aged 5 to 14 is included in working life. Again, it was seen that 22.1% of these children maintain the school and work life together and the proportion of children complete the primary education nationwide has remained at the level of 54.3%
It is observed that commercial sexual exploitation of children on the street of country in which also they are washing cars and selling products. Also there are reports on Chinese firms recruiting children for making brick and rice production.*
Angola is a source, transit and destination country for human trafficking and forced labor. It is known that girls and young women prostitutes in cities such as Luanda, Benguela and Huila and boys are also kidnapped for livestock to Namibia. Besides children under age 12, forced to make illegal things by adults because they will not be punished being underage.#.
Due to the civil war in the country between the years 1975-2002, many children were orphaned, and many of these children are forced to work agriculture and construction. In country social programs to combat the child labor, such as mobile schools, projects to deal with child labor through education, free training, free meals for kids, creation of shelters for children exposed to child trafficking are implemented
Since 2008, three projects have been implemented in the country by the ILO**. These are projects related to the elimination of the worst forms of child labor, and taking away the child labor through education. (Eliminating child labour in Lusophone countries Project,Tackling child labour through education in African, Caribbean and the Pacific (ACP) States (TACKLE) Project,Combating the Worst Forms of Child Labour in Lusophone Countries in Africa (PALOP) Project) (www.ilo.org).
ARGENTINA
ILO** Conventions NO 138 and 182 had been ratified. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
According to estimates made by Argnetina’s Ministry of Labor in the year 2000, 7,1 % of children aged 5 to 14 years are working. Children are working on gathering jerboa mate ( a kind of tea), flowers, tomatoes, strawberries and garlic in agricultural area. They are collecting scrap, selling supplies, begging, shinning shoes, doing housework, working in small and medium sized businesses, small fabric producing areas, food production and stone works in urban areas.
In Argentina it is known that children are employed in sex industry, sex tourism and drug trade.
Children are trafficked to Argentina from Bolivia, Brazil and Paraguay for prostitution and sexual exploitation Kidnapped children are forced to work as well. And also Argentine children are trafficked to Brazil an Bolivia and sold for prostitution. (Trafficking in Persons Report, Washington, DC, June 14, 2004; http://www.state.gov/.)
Argentine Government, have made study of four-year regional ILO-IPEC project on the border of Brazil and Paraguay to avoid being sold for sexual explotitation and prostitution of children.
AUSTRALIA
ILO** Convention no 182 had been ratified in 2006. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
Australia is the destination country for human trafficking and forced labor. The number of trafficked and exploited girls and foreign women are less in Australia. Some of them are imprisoned and attacked sexually or physically. The ones immigrated to make agreed marriages are forced to be servant after marriage.#
Some of the women and men came from Pacific Oceans, India, China, Korea for temporarily working to Australia are employed in agriculture, horticulture, construction, cleaning, nursing/baby-sitting. What really matters is their passports are dispossessed. They are imprisoned to their working places, exposed to physical violence. They come across debt bondage by their employers.
Government of Australian follows the minimum rules to prevent trafficking and also makes an effort to prevent the engagement of children in sexual tourism.
AUSTRIA
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 2000, convention no 182 in 2001. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
Austria being on the way of human and/or child trafficking is the transit and destination country. There isn’t any verifiable information on child labor.#.
BANGLADESH
ILO** Convention no 138 has not been ratified yet, convention no 182 had been ratified in 2001. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
According to UNESCO’s 2011 data, 10,1 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are working (approx. 375.470), 81,2 % of them are attending to school. 6,8 % of the children aged 7 to 14 years continue their school and work together. Sectors children working is agriculture (45,%), industry (18,5%) and service(36%). Child labor can bee seen mostly in collecting honey, tea leaf picking, poultry farming in agricultural sector, and salt mining, bits (hand-wrapped cigarettes), cigarette production, brick production, dress making and textile industry, glasswork, leather processing, soap making, construction, carpentry and steel furniture making in industry. Buggy driving, car-mechanic, household core, trash pickup, bagging, burdening are the works children involved in service sector.*.
In 2013, Bangladesh made a moderate advancement in its efforts to eliminate the worst forms of child labor. The government issued a Statutory Regulatory Order identifying 38 occupations considered hazardous for children ages 14 to 18 and adopted the Children’s Act, which harmonizes national law with international standards. The government, adding and training 39 new inspectors, increased the total number of labor inspectors to 183. With support from ILO**, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics conducted a National Child Labor Survey. Despite these developments, children in Bangladesh continue to engage in child labor in agriculture and in service. In addition, since the Government’s Child Labor Unit is no longer functioning, children working in the informal sector lack protections.*.
Some children are forced to work to pay their families debts to brokers in dried fish sector. However education is free and compulsory, other reasons such as charges of books, uniforms, teacher’s expenditures etc. prevent children from going school.
The main reason of child and human trafficking and exploitation in Bangladesh is the acceptance of “workers before starting to work will be in debt to the ones hiring or kidnapping themselves” For this reason they will fall in prisoner status for the ones kidnapping or hiring them. Some children sold into other as slavery, some are forced to work in quarries. Girls and boys, 8 years old are forced into prostitution and they are sustaining their life in such as slavery conditions. Some whorehouse owners forced to them to take drugs.#.
In Bangladesh between 2002 and 2006 years, two ILO** Projects had been implemented to combat the worst forms of child labor. (www.ilo.org)
BELGIUM
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 1988, convention no 182 in 2002. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
Belgium is a transit, destination and even if a little source country in human trafficking and forced labour. Little girls and foreign children “especially roman” began to work at a young age by pimps are trafficked to be operated as a sex worker.#
Belgium worked with multidisciplinary and event- based approaches for implementation of minimum standards to prevent human trafficking, informed by national rapporteurs in an offices looks like a state.
BELIZE
ILO** Convention no 138 and no 182 had been ratified in 2000. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***
According to USDOL, in 2013 Belize made a moderate advancement in its efforts to eliminate the worst forms of child labor. Belize tries to increase the protection of children against sexual exploitation enacting a new law and amending another law. Besides it trained the labor inspectors and increased the financial support for the social program enhancing the attendance of children to school. But there are lots of things must be done legally.*.
According to 2014 data, 8,3 % of the children aged 5 to 14 are working, 93,5 % of them are attending school. 9,8% of the children aged 7 to 15 are both working and attending school. Children usually work in collecting bananas, lemon and sugar cam in agricultural sector, in street selling in service sector and expose to sexual exploitation. Although there’s no evidence, it is known that some families force their children to be exploitated (sexually) in exchange money or gifts for meeting school expenses of them.*.
In Belize, the most common form of trafficking in human is children forced to work. Some families offer their children as sexual object to adults and in exchange for school expenses, money and gifts. Children sex tourism is an increasing trend in Belize, mostly for US citizens. Girls brought from Central America, from Belize forced to work in bars, night clubs and in whorehouses.#.
Although Belize has not been succeeded implementing minimum standards to prevent child labor yet, put so much effort for this by enacting new laws, amending existing ones.
BENIN
ILO** Convention no 138 and no 182 had been ratified in 2001. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***
Benin, countrywide, conducted an awareness campaign for prevention of child labor and signed bilateral agreements with Benin labour organization to eliminate child labor. Even so, Benin’s financial impossibilities is not sufficient for complete elimination of child labor. *.
According to 2012 Data, 31,5 % of the children aged 7 to 14 are working. 58,2 % of the children aged 5 to 14 are attending school. 20,0 % of the children aged 7 to 14 are both working and attending school. In 2013, an investigation done by ILO-IPEC showed that there were 2553 children working in 201 mines and quarries (ILO-IPEC. Étude d’approfondissement des connaissances sur le travail des enfants dans les mines et carrières du Benin ; 2013 May.). Children working in these areas expose to some risks such as long working hours, the collapse of the quarry, physical injuries, injuries from dynamite explosions, stone fall and constant dust inhalation. According to another survey done by UNICEF in 7800 children working on markets shown that they expose to injury, sexual and physical exploitations. (L’Institut National de la Statistique et de l’Analyse Économique (INSAE), and UNICEF. Recensement des Enfants Travailleurs des Marches Dantokpa, Ouando et Arzeke (REM). Cotonou; 2013)
“Vidomegon” system is the tradition of families giving their girls for household cores to rich families in return of housing. Poor families comply with tradition hoping their children will have better education and living condition. Until today this tradition continues based on voluntariness of rich families even so, children exposed to sexual and physical exploitation, forced labor in return for housing. (http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2012/af/204089.htm). The 95 % of the children experiencing this tradition are girls. Many NGOs conduct awareness campaigns and education for abolition of this tradition.
BHUTAN
ILO** Convention no 138 and no 182 have not been ratified yet. It is not been as part of ILO-IPEC***
According to UNESCO’s 2012 data in Bhutan, 3,6 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are working, 84,7 % of them are attending school. 3,3 % of the children aged 7 to 14 years are both working and attending school. Children are usually worked in agricultural, mining, construction, housework, hotels and restaurants. Children in Bhutan are engaged in child labor in agriculture, mining, construction, housework, hotels and restaurants and in the worst forms of child labor including in forced domestic work, karaoke bars and sexually exploitation. Girls forced to work in karaoke bars sexually exploited in these places. Also there are claims about enforcing children to make 5 year contract and to live where they work.*.
BOLIVIA
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 1997, convention no 182 in 2003. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
Bolivia’s Government established a subcommittee trying to combat the worst forms of child labor. Business supervisory board saved 400 children in Santa Cruz region increasing the number of child labor inspectors to 100. Also increased the conditional helps to encourage the attendance of children to schools. But the things made in Bolivia are considered to be insufficient and are criticized not informing the society on child labor, punishments. etc. National Plan for elimination of child labor had been expired in 2010, but not updated yet.*.
According to 2011 Data, 20,2 % of the children aged 7 to 14 are working (approx. 388.500), 96,2 % of them are attending school and 18,7 % of them are both working and attending school. 71 % of the working children are in agricultural sector, 21,2% of them are in service sector and 8% of them are in industry. Extracting gold, silver, iron and tin, peddling, cultivation and collecting brazil nut, working in construction are some works done by children. Some domestic Guarani families live in dept bondage with their children and work in pastures.
Some Bolivian families sell their children to the areas near Peru for working in agriculture and mining. Children are trafficked to Argentina and forced to labor in textile, grape and sugar industries.
BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 1993, convention no 182 in 2001. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
Bosnia-Herzegovina took up seriously combating strategy with trafficking in human and prepared Action Plans for years of 2013-2015. According to data of UNESCO in 2014, 8,9 % of the children aged 5 to 14 are working, 83,7 % of them are attending school, 10,6 % of the children aged 7 to 14 are working. Children usually are worked as slavery, sex worker, pickpocket and whore. Although most of the working children are roman, usually begging children’s families or an observer are made them to beg. Additionally, the traditions in roman culture such as arranged marriage and marriage for money are made the roman girls to be house worker and made them to exploit. Roman children without knowing education language, poverty, lack of support programs made the children become vulnerable.*.
BOTSWANA
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 1997, convention no 182 in 2000. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
Botswana carried “Stay at School” program focusing on the training of social service workers and trainers to explain the families the importance of sending their children to school to get rid of the problems that prevent them from going school. But it couldn’t be reached any data related to children working or attending school. Children are worked in agriculture, cattle grazing, housework, begging, car washing, sex works etc. In Botswana poor families give their children for household cores to rich families. Young girls are worked as prostitute in main streets and highway.*.
According to surveys, it is detected that approximately 38.000 children aged 7 to 17 years engaged as child workers. Almost half of them are under 14 years old. (http://www.state.gov/).
Botswana are considered to be insufficient and criticized not having data on trafficking in child and prevention of it by enacting and applying of laws . #.
BRAZIL
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 2001, convention no 182 in 2000. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
In Brazil, social protection programs carries on the top flight in terms of budget allocation. In 2013, this amount reached to 24,4 billion dollars. Also government establishing a new national development academy for labor inspectors determined a road map in labor inspectorate prioritizing child labor. By employing 8277 child labor inspectors, rescuing 7413 children from child labor has been achieved. The National Plan for Elimination of Child Labor is restructured and new national plan combating sexual violence and sexual exploitation of children is prepared. *.
According to UNESCO’s 2014 data in Brazil, 3,5,% of the children aged 7 to 14 are working (approx. 1.116.500), 97,2 % of the children aged 5 to 14 are attending school and 4,0 % of the children aged 7 to 14 are both working and attending school. 56,4 % of them are engaged in agricultural sector, 33,7 % in service and 9,9 % in industrial sector. There are many children work for precious stones in mining, for collecting tobacco, cotton, rise, tomatoes, pea in fields, for begging in streets. According to survey in 2013, approximately 260.000 children aged 10 to 17 are working in third parties’s houses. Brazil is the source, transit and destination country for forced labor and trafficking in human. Human traffickers at the borders are came out by Ministry of Justice’s studies.*.
BULGARIA
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 1980, convention no 182 in 2000. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
Bulgaria adopted “National Plan Against the Worst Forms of Child Labor” prepared in 2002 focusing education and the new rules of law. Also They made a national strategy for street children and national plan for sexual exploitation of children. The internal affairs established a working group for trafficking. According to cooperation agreement signed with ILO** in 2005, establishment of Child Labor Unit within ministry was decided. In addition, in 2005 National Strategy was practiced for trafficking. (http://www.refworld.org/docid/48d748de3c.html)
Formal statistics of Bulgaria on child labor has not been updated yet. Latest statistics shed lights on years of 2000’s, they don’t reflect Bulgaria’s current situation on child labor. But, it is known that some of the children are worked as slavery, bulgarian and foreign, girls and women are trafficked for sexual exploitation, children are trafficked to Austria, England and Italy to beg in streets, to prostitute, and to work with organized crime groups on drug distribution. (www.globalmarch.org)
An important steps with the projects financed by Germany on years 2003 to 2008 , by USA on years 2006 to 2010, by Germany on years 2008 to 2010 had been taken for elimination of child labor and the worst forms of child labor, prevention of trafficking in child. According to ILO**‘s report on Trafficking and Other Worst Forms of Chid Labor in Central and Eastern europe, 88 children were made to quit job, 383 children were prevented entering a job. (ILO**, Trafficking and other Worst forms of Child Labour in Central and Eastern Europe, Phase II (Project – CEE ) Within the scope of project, totally 1412 children were made to quit job and 3173 children were prevented entering a job.
BURKINA FASO
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 1999, convention no 182 in 2001. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
Child labor is seen to be high in Burkina Faso. According to UNESCO’s 2012 data, 42,1 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are working, 41,9 % of them are attending school. 21,7 % of the children aged 7 to 14 years are both working and attending school. Government of Burkina Faso rescued more than 1000 children from traffickers and trained to labor inspectors on prevention of child labor. In addition, births of children were recorded and food aid were made to them.*.
In Burkina Faso, children sending to receive religious educations were made to beg in streets and had to give the money collected by begging to their trainers. Children usually worked as agricultural worker, gold digger, granit quarry worker, street seller, house worker and beggar. Young girls are usually sexually exploited. Children are trafficked from Mali to Coto d’Ivoire or Burkina Faso became a transit country while trafficking to other countries suc as; Gana, Mali, Nigeria etc.#.
In Burkina Faso, due to lack of education infrastructure and being insufficient the sources of education prevents children taking educations commonly in rural areas. This situation is valid not only for children of Burkina Faso but also for refugee children from Mali. Sexually and physically harassment of children by teachers make them to push to go to school. The lack of birth registration of one third of the children block to go to school, also.
Being one of the poorest countries in the world, on years 2013 – 2016, Burkina Faso is the participant of the project funded by USA Ministry of labor on combating the children’s working in gold mines and cotton industry. (www.counterpart.org).
BURUNDI
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 2000, convention no 182 in 2002. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
The lack of compulsory education in Burundi, paves the way for the children worked in agriculture and through sexual exploitation. According to UNESCO’s 2012 data, 27,2 % of the children aged 7 to 14 years are working, 60,9 % of them are attending school. 26, 0 % of them are both working and attending school. Children usually worked in collecting tea, coffee, sugar cane, cotton and palm oil, as prostitutes and in fishery, mining, brick production, housework, street selling. *.
Elderly women providing young girls room and food and for free and forcing them into prostitution, girls being dragged into prostitution because of poverty are between the realities of Burundi. Some large families force their children to earn money through this situation and they do.
Like everywhere there is war, battle, fighting, children in Burundi are involved in these fights, battles. Boys are used in active works, girls are sexually exploitated. The presence of child soldiers in Burundi also could not be reached to actual data about them, is non-negligible reality.
The project named as “Prevention and Reintegration of Children involved in Armed Conflict” funded by USA run in years 2003 t0 2007 and the project named as “Prevention of Recruitment and Reintegration of Children Affected byArmed Conflict ” funded by Norway run in years 2007 to 2009, too. (www.ilo.org)
CAMBODIA
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 1999, convention no 182 in 2006. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
According to UNESCO’s 2012 data in Cambodia, 28,7 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are working, 79,2 % of them are attending school. 28,3 % of the children aged 7 to 14 years are both working and attending school. Children are engaged in child labor including cultivating of tobacco, fishery in agriculture, textile production, production of alcoholics, salt and brick in industry, begging, being a masseur, porter etc. Children are exposed to commercial sexual exploitation, forced to work in housework, on the streets as result of trafficking in human. They are usually trafficked from Thailand for selling candies and flowers on the streets or to be worked in factories. Children trafficked from Cambodia taken to Thailand or Vietnamese. *.
In the country, many projects on child labor have been conducting. TACKLE project of ILO** covers Cambodia. Strategic Education Plan of the country is defined their study areas for working children. ILO**‘s Decent Work Country Program also cares child labor.
CAMEROON
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 2001, convention no 182 in 2002. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
According to UNESCO’s 2012 data in Cameroon, 56,2 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are working, 79,7 % of them are attending school. 52,3 % of the children aged 7 to 14 years are both working and attending school. Children are worked in production of cacao, bananas and tea, in housework, in the worst forms of child labor. According to ILO**‘s Survey of 2010 children aged 11 to 17 years are 4000 girls.
Cameroon is a source, transit and destination country for trafficking in child. Families consign their children to another person to be taken better education and to live with families with better incomes., but usually these people kidnaps children a d forced to work. Victims of this situation are trafficked to Denmark, Germany, Spain, Norway, Slovakia and Cyprus.
Cameroon is benefiting from the Global Action Program on Child Labor Issues funded by USDOL and applied by ILO**. The aim of the program has to eliminate the worst forms of child labor up to 2016. Another ILO** project let 650 families set up their own businesses, in this way, child labor is prevented. Besides in the country some studies on nutrition of children in schools, on educations of children working in housework have been carried on.
CANADA
ILO** Convention no 138 has not been ratified yet, convention no 182 in 2000. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
There isn’t any verifiable data on child labor. But it is known that Canada is source, transit and destination country for trafficking in child. Especially domestic women and girls are trafficked for sex slavery. Foreign, Asian and Eastern European women and children are forced to work. #.
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC
ILO** Convention no 138 and no 182 had been ratified in 2000. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***
According to UNESCO’s 2012 data, 51,1 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are working, 53,9 % of them are attending school. 33,4 % of the children aged 7 to 14 years are both working and attending school. Children are worked in agriculture, in diamond and gold mining, in fishery, in housework, in restaurants an supermarkets, in armed conflicts, in sexual exploitation as a result of trafficking in human. Children from Baka are involved in the worst forms of child labor including forced to work in agriculture, in housework, in illegal works. According to UN Report, in January 2014, the number of children involved in armed conflicts were more than 6000.*.
Almost 800.000 children can not have access to education due to armed conflicts continuing in the country. Lack of birth records and identities of children are the factors adversely affecting their attendance to school and being enroll in schools.
Even though there haven’t been any social program to prevent or abolish the worst forms of child labor in the country, National Action Plan and National Poverty Reduction Strategy have been carried out on the education of children, sexual exploitation, to be worked forced, to be worked as child soldiers.
Central African Republic is a source, and destination country for forced labor and trafficking in human. Children are usually trafficked from the country and also from other countries such as Nigeria, South Sudan, Chad, i.e. Trafficked children are worked in above works, however trafficked ones by Baka are forced to work in agriculture, girls are forced to be in commercial sexual exploitation in cities.#
CHAD
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 2005, convention no 182 in 2000. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
According to UNESCO’s 2012 data in Chad, 53 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are working, 39,6 % of them are attending school. 30,7 % of the children aged 7 to 14 years are both working and attending school. The government criminalized the recruitment and use of children in armed conflict and established the “2013 Child Soldier Action Plan”. In addition, Child Protection Unit was established, child protection educations were ensured and the law foreseeing making birth records of children was enacted.*.
Despite all these, children are trafficked to Central African Republic, Nigeria and Cameroon for breeding. Boys sent to Koranic schools to receive an education are forced to beg by these educators. Some boys are worked on behalf of groups from Central African Republic.
To be documented for the first time in 2011, selling children in market, entrusting children to relatives or intermediaries hoping for better training and living conditions etc situations had encountered. Girls immigrated to big cities are exploited sexually or used in housework.#.
CHILE
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 1999, convention no 182 in 2000. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
There isn’t any official statistics on child labor in Chile. Children are worked in forestry, fishery, construction, housework, car washing and in the worst form of child labor, they are exposed to commercial sexual exploitation as result of trafficking in human, forced to work in housework, forced to work.*.
Chile is a source, transit and destination country for trafficking in human. Chilean women and children in the country together with the women and children came from Latin American Countries are forced to work in mines, agriculture and housework. It is known that increasing the number of children forced to be illegal drug carrier in the country.#
Many social programs have been carried out in the country, programs funded by ILO**, Spain carried on in cooperation are included also.
COLOMBIA
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 2001 and convention no 182 had been ratified in 2005. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***
According to UNESCO’s 2012 data in Colombia, 5,9 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are working, 93,2 % of them are attending school. 5,9 % of the children aged 7 to 14 years are both working and attending school. Children are worked in collecting coffee, rise in agriculture, brick production and gold mining in industry, begging, garbage collecting, housework in service. Besides children are exposed to the worst forms of child labor by working in drug production, in pornography production, begging, being in commercial sexual and labor exploitation. Besides children are used in carrying arms and explosives by illegal groups. Even peace negotiations between Colombia and the Armed Revolutionary Forces of Colombia have started in 2012, use of children in armed conflicts by FARC has been continuing. *.
In Colombia, state has developed and carried out many policies to prevent the worst forms of child labor. For example the number of families being helped to prevent child labor are increased from 2,6 million to 3 million. The scope of the worst forms of child labor have been enlarged and laws have guaranteed the children not to be worked in these works. Audits have been increased with hiring Labor inspectors. Studies have been done to increase occupational health and safety.
In Colombia a project to eliminate the worst forms of child labor has been carried out in 2008-2015, project targeting to combat trafficking in human has been carried out in 2008-2012 . With the project started in 2009 and will have been continuing for 10 years, to reduce participation of children and youth in child labor has been aimed.
COSTA RİCA
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 1976 and convention no 182 had been ratified in 2001. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***
According to UNESCO’s 2012 data in Costa Rica, 2,2 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are working, 95,4 % of them are attending school. 2 % of the children aged 7 to 14 years are both working and attending school. Children are worked in collecting coffee, bananas and in fishery, construction, car-washing etc. In Costa Rica being the biggest coffee producer, most of the children are worked in collecting of coffee. (www.humanium.org) Besides children are used in pornographic production, in drug trafficking, in agriculture, in commercial sexual and labor exploitation being in the worst forms of child labor. *.
Costa Rica is a source, transit and destination country for trafficking in human. Many women and children from Nicaragua, Republic of Dominic and other Latina American countries have been identified in the country. Child sex tourism has been done mostly in Guanacaste, Limon, Puntarenas and San Jose regions. Child Sex Labor are trafficked to Europe and USA. Other African Countries and Asian citizens are forced to work in agriculture, fishery etc.
Policies on child labor, the worst forms of child labor, trafficking in child, commercial sexual exploitation of children have been adopted separately in the country. It has been aimed to reduce or aliment until 2020.
CROATIA
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 1991, convention no 182 in 2001. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
Croatia is a source, transit and destination country on trafficking in human and forced labor. Women and young girls within the country and in all Europe, children especially in coasts of Adriatic are trafficked to be worked as a prostitute in the highest tourism season. There aren’t any data about child labor. #.
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO
ILO** Convention no 138 and no 182 had been ratified in 2001. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***
According to UNESCO’s 2012 data in Democratic Republic of Congo, 16,9 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are working, 67,1 % of them are attending school. 16,2 % of the children aged 7 to 14 years are both working and attending school. Children are worked in agriculture and mining, in houses, on streets, at bars and restaurants. Illegal works such as drug selling, forced works and being used as soldiers are common in child labor in Congo . Besides children are trafficked by both Congo National Arms and other armed groups. Children without birth certificate are target group for those armed forces.*.
In the country many projects have been carried out by NGOs to reduce or to eliminate the number of child soldiers(http://witness.org/portfolio_page/protecting-child-soldiers-democratic-republic-congo/). Also studies have been continuing to prevent children working in mining. (http://www.pactworld.org/blog/breaking-chain-child-mining-democratic-republic-congo)
In Congo a project targeting to eliminate the worst forms of child labor until 2020 has been started in 2011. Another project for child soldiers has been carried on for 2012-2020. Global Action Program on Child Labor Issues Project funded by ILO-IPEC has been started in 2011 and will be completed in 2016.
Democratic Republic of Congo is source, transit and destination country for trafficking in human. Most of the men and boys are worked under debt bondage. Many men and boys are forced to work in minings in North Kivu, South Kivu and Catanga areas by armed forces. Girls are exposed to commercial sexual exploitation. It is repaired that some girls from Bas-Congo are forced to be a prostitute by their family members.#.
DENMARK
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 1997, convention no 182 in 2000. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
Children immigrate alone or left alone after migration remain unprotected against trafficking in human. Red-light district in Copenhagen reflects the very least of sexual tourism and trading in the country.
DJIBOUTI
ILO** Convention no 138 and no 182 had been ratified in 2005. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***
In Djibouti, 12,3 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are working, 67,4 % of them are attending school. 10,2 % of the children aged 7 to 14 years are both working and attending school. Children are engaged in child labor including breeding, agriculture, housework, shoe shining, car washing, trash collecting etc., selling a cordial named “khat”, forced begging, robbery. Refugees from Ethiopia and Somali as well as Djiboutine girls are exposed to sexual abasement.*.
ECUADOR
ILO** Convention no 138 and no 182 had been ratified in 2000. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***
According to UNESCO’s 2012 data in Ecuador, 2,7 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are working, 96,9 % of them are attending school. 2,4 % of the children aged 7 to 14 years are both working and attending school. 70 % of these children are worked in agricultural sector, 20 % of them in service and 8 % of them in industry. They are collecting bananas, palm oil production, lumbering, fishery and floriculture in agriculture sector; gold mining, civil engineering etc. in industry. Child labor in service sector are housework for non-monetary, working in third parties houses, begging and selling newspapers in streets. More importantly, children are used as drug couriers, forced to beg, forced to be sexual exploit object and forced be child soldier illegal armed Colombian groups. *.
“Child Labor Recording System” is established to prevent child labor in Ecuador. Priority is given for elimination of child labor for agriculture and begging in streets. The project aiming to Eliminate the Child Labor in Latin America was implemented and completed in 2012. Another project aiming the same purpose completed in 2013. Today, producing effective policies against child labor with the “Building effective policies against child labor in Ecuador and Panama” Project funded by US Ministry of Labor has been aimed (http://www.dol.gov/opa/media/press/ilab/ILAB20122503.html)
EGYPT
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 1999, convention no 182 in 2002. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
According to UNESCO’s 2012 data in Egypt, 6,7 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are working, 88,1 % of them are attending school. 6,3 % of the children aged 7 to 14 years are both working and attending school. Children are worked in collecting cotton, in fishery, in construction, works on streets ( carrying, begging, garbage collecting etc.) comprising the worst forms of child labor forced begging, forced labor in housework or in agriculture, commercial sexual exploitation.*.
According to UNICEF, children are exposed to violence, exploitation and trafficking in human, they are grown up lack of family and all these drive them to work. As a result of UNICEF programs, at least 30 districts will be added to those studies, at least 50.000 children will be protected and will be provided care for them, access will be provided to 2 million people let them aware of on these subjects in 2013-2017(http://www.unicef.org/egypt/protection_111.html.)
Egypt source, transit and destination country for trafficking in human. Trafficked children are forced to work, forced into prostitution. Sex tourism is common in Cairo, Alexandria, Luxor etc. cities. Since the girls under 18 years could not be worked, they are given to rich men for temporary marriage by their family members or traffickers. Girls are usually trafficked to Israel from Uzbekistan, Moldova, Ukraine, Belarus and other Eastern Europe countries. (www.state.gov)
EL SALVADOR
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 1996, convention no 182 in 2000. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
In El Salvador, 6,3 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are working, 92,2 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are attending school. 6,2 % of the children aged 7 to 14 years are both working and attending school. More than half of the children in agricultural sector, collecting sugar cane, coffee and fishery. Also children are worked in firework production , trash collecting, repairing of mechanics. As a result of trafficking in child, children are sexually exploited and forced to work in illegal works such as manslaughter, drug trafficking etc.*.
In El Salvador the project funded by USDOL to combat child labor had been implemented through 4 years by ILO-IPEC. Today many projects about “Collecting Data on Child Labor”, ” Aiming children attending school full time”, ” Aiming to increase public awareness” carried on by El Salvador.
ENDONEZYA
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 1999, convention no 182 in 2000. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
According to UNESCO’s 2011 data in Indonesia, 3,7 % of the children aged 10 to 14 years are working, 92,4 % of them are attending school. 2,1 % of them are both working and attending school. Approximately 60 % of children are worked in agricultural sector in rubber and tobacco production, in collecting coconut, coffee, sugar cane and in fishery. They are worked in mining, asphalt, cigarette, flooring, marble, shoe production, in drug production/sales/trafficking and in human trafficking. Children are exposed exploitation at the end of all these works. *.
Indonesia is the source country in child labor. Children, especially girls are trafficked to Malaysia, Taiwan and Middle East to be worked in commercial sexual exploitation and in housework. Also they are trafficked to Jambi, Maluku, Riau Island to be exploited sexually in minings inside the country. Local authorities, in 2013, made arrangements on the worst forms of child labor in districts and cities at the level of municipalities. Also arrangements were made on child labor at ministerial level. They were punished with harsh penalties.#.
National Action Plan covering 2002-2022, in Indonesia includes the actions to combat the worst forms of child labor. Also, this subject has emphasized in Action Plans at city and district levels. Labor and immigration ministry, National Development Ministry coordinating with ILO** and NGOs in Indonesia designed a road map to eliminate child labor.
With the project funded by USDOL and implemented by Save the Children between april and september 2013, 1571 children were quit jobs and 1236 children were rescued from exploitative jobs. With the prevention of child trafficking program of Ministry of interior 49 aggrieved children were rescued from the hands of child traffickers.
ENGLAND
ILO** Convention no 138 and no 182 had been ratified in 2000. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***
There isn’t any legal data on child labor. The country is source, transit and destination country for trafficking in human and forced labor. English children are usually trafficked for exploitation sexually in the country. Besides they are forced to make illegal works. Foreign children are forced to work in agriculture, construction, housework, making manicures and fishery. Mostly Chinese and Vietnamese children and adult males are worked in cannabis plantations.#.
ERTRA
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 2000, convention no 182 has not been ratified yet. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
Data on child labor and school attendance of children couldn’t be reached in Ertra. State is criticized for working of some children attending 9.-11. class in public projects (this project is named “Meatot”and continued with varying time) associated with agriculture, environment and hygiene during summer holidays. This project is accepted as an obstacle to combat child labor. In addition, although employment of children under 18 years old is prohibited in law, there may be children of these age registered in the state’s compulsory military training.*.
Children; are worked in corn, sorghum, wheat production, in bicycle mechanic, in household goods and furniture making, selling of cigarette, gazette etc. Also children are exposed to sexual commercial exploitation one of the worst forms of child labor, to be engaged child labor including school furniture production, opening water channels, irrigation, afforestation, agriculture, mining and armed forces.
Child labor is tried to be combated with The National Plan. Studies rescuing children exploited with United Nations’ strategic partnership cooperation have started 2013. Also within UNICEF’s education program, new schools for refugee children living far from settlements were constructed with the support of Ministry of Education.
ETHIOPIA
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 1999, convention no 182 in 2003. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
According to UNESCO 2005 data, in Ethiopia 22 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are working, 54 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are attending school. 17 % of the children aged 7 to 14 years are both working and attending school. Children are engaged in child labor including mining, fishery, trash collecting etc. They are also forced to work in sexual commercial exploitation and in pornography.*.
Children usually are worked in traditional knitting industry in Addis Ababa, Gamo Gofa and Wolayite regions. Child knitters have been working long hours, exploited physically, sexually and emotionally by employee. Some of them work under debt bondage.
In spite of attempts of state to improve access to education, sexual exploitation of girls creates obstacle to continue their education. Since many ethiopians are not registered state citizenship, children also have troubles in registration to schools. The lack of compulsory education is another missing point in the subject.
In 2008, ILO** specified poverty and problems associated with it is the main source of the child labor in Ethiopia. children often work to support or to increase the family budget. They are into business in early ages and can not provide enough benefits for themselves or next generations. According to ILO**, other reason is culture. For children helping their family for their poverty times is very important. The cost of children going to school is another source for the problem. (The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs (MoLSA), Child Labour in Ethiopia Analysis of a Survey Conducted in 2001, by B & M Development Consultants, March 1, 2006, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.).
In Ethiopia studies to combat child labor continues with many projects such as “National Plan (2013-2015)”, ” Growing and change (2010-2015), “National Human Rights Action Plan 82013)”
FRANCE
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 1990, convention no 182 in 2001. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
There isn’t any verifiable information on child labor.
France is a source, transit and to a lesser extent destination country for human trafficking and forced labor. Students, little children away from their relatives/ acquaintances are exploited sexually. France government specified that there are 200.000 people exploited sexually and trafficked in France.#.
FİJİ
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 2003, convention no 182 in 2002. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
In Fiji, There’s not any reliable statistical data announced by official sources. In 2013, 179 children were quit a job by implementing a project, TACKLE-I (Tackling child labour through education) by ILO** . TACKLE-II has got off the ground in early 2005. It has been aimed to eliminate child labor up to the end of 2016.
In Fuji, children are worked in agriculture and streets and also forced to work in collecting sugar cane, tobacco, coconut, rice and vegetables, pig farming, fishery, begging, drug trafficking and commercial sexual exploitation. Especially city center of Fiji and ports are the places sexual exploitation done in. Also families sent their children to educate and work in light works beside other families but children are became unprotected to heavy work and sexual exploitation.
Slavery, servitude, forced labor and trafficking in human were banned by the new constitution enacted in 2013. Also constitution provide children with education rights for pre-school, primary and secondary school. But free education was not applied.
GABON
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 2010, convention no 182 in 2001. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
There isn’t any verifiable information on child labor in Gabon. But children are engaged in child labor including housework, peddling, tinkering, waiters in restaurants and sexually exploited as a result of trafficking. Children usually are trafficked to Central and Western Africa, to another cities through border of Gabon.*.
There are also deficiency of teacher and school in the country. But the country’s education policy(2010-2020), aims to make pre-school, preliminary and secondary school accessible and high quality. Within Gabon Emergent Plan, besides elimination of child labor, another program called Shelters for Children in Need which provides health, education and economical services for children being trafficked is also enforced. By means of Gabon Emergent Plan, besides eliminating child labor and Shelter for Children in Need Social Program providing health, education and economical services for children being trafficked in labor and being orphaned, were enforced in the country.
GAMBİYA
ILO** Convention no 138 and no 182 had not been ratified.It is not been as part of ILO-IPEC***. According UNICEF ‘s 2000 estimations, 26,9% of the children aged 5 to 14 years are working. Children usually are working in farms nearby their family. Besides children are engaged in child labor including carpentry, stitching, installation, tailoring, repair works. In cities they are barrow boys and turnboys. Street children are begging. Exploitation of children commercially, sexually is an important problem and worked up by sex tourism. Young girls being promised rich and western life dreams are fooled by adults and fell into prostitution trap. Children are trafficked for prostitution or being forced to work. Most of the trafficked children came from rural areas. They are exploited by pornographic industry after trafficking to Europe or Southern Africa. Poverty causes children and their families to be exploited in return small gifts by sugar daddy. Sugar daddy can easily reach children with this way and use them sexually. Young and poor girls are easily fooled to escape their miserable conditions and they accept to prostitute and to be slavery of pornographic sector to reach their dreams on rich and western way of life. Very soon they understand they are in more miserable and inextricable exploitation. (UNICEF, Child Sex Tourism and Exploitation Increasing in The Gambia, Press Release, UNICEF, May 5 2004; http://www.unicef.org/media/media_20825.html. The Report ,”Study on The Sexual Abuse and Exploitation of Children in Gambia” was a joint project conducted by the Government of the Gambia and UNICEF. )
GEORGIA
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 1996, convention no 182 in 2002. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
According to UNESCO’s 2012 data in Georgia, 29,1 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are working, 92,1 % of them are attending school. 31,5 of the children aged 7 to 14 years are both working and attending school.*.
Action Plan for Child Welfare and Protection (2012-2015), Education Strategy (2010-2015), Action Plan Against Trafficking in Human (2013-2014) are the direct or indirect policies aiming to eliminate the child labor. In Georgia, two more important projects were enforced. One is Data Collecting and Analysis on Child Labor, the other is Government complies with the international labor standards on issues related on child labor and improves the implementation capacity of the labor law.
GERMANY
LO Convention no 138 had been ratified in 1976, convention no 182 in 2002. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
Germany is a source, transit and destination country for human trafficking and forced labor. It is known that 17 % of the people exposing human trafficking and sexual commercial exploitation are children. #.
GHANA
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 2011, convention no 182 in 2000. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
According to UNESCO’s 2013 data in Gana, 43,5 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are working, 83,1 % of them are attending school. 39,8 of the children aged 7 to 14 years are both working and attending school. After all, not knowing in which sector children are working, they are engaged in child labor including cacao production (carrying heavy loads and exposing insecticides), mining, fishery, begging, selling in streets, forced agricultural works, commercial sexual exploitation.*.
According the tradition named “Trokosi” in Gana, menstruated and virgin young girl of the family was sent to local temples to compensate one of the family member’s fault and become the wife of gods. Although it is banned by the constitution, this tradition has been continuing for centuries, thousands of girls are exploited as Trokosi victims of physicaly or sexually.
Despite education is free, being away of school, being little or not public transportation, being less classes, teachers and school materials prevent children going to school.
National Action Plan to Eliminate the Worst Forms of Child Labor (2009-2015) , UN Development Assistance Framework (2012-2016) and Strategic Education Plan (2003-2015) are the policies to prevent child labor.
GUATEMALA
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 1990, convention no 182 in 2001. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
According to UNESCO’s 2011 data in Guatemala, 13,4 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are working, 83,7 % of them are attending school. 9,6 of the children aged 7 to 14 years are both working and attending school. Approximately 70 % of the children are worked in agricultural sector, in engaged in production of coffee, sugar cane, corn, collecting broccoli and lumber. Except this they are worked in mining, construction, housework, selling in streets, and begging, commercial sexual exploitation, pornography, drag trafficking and robbery which are the worst forms of child labor.
In Guatemala many policies were constructed and implemented to prevent child labor, aiming Guatemala to become a country of child labor is not used, to combat trafficking in human and to protect those human.
GUINEA
ILO** Convention no 138 and no 182 had been ratified in 2003. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***
According to UNESCO’s 2012 data in Guinea, 38,8 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are working, 60,1 % of them are attending school. 24,5 of the children aged 7 to 14 years are both working and attending school. Children are engaged in child labor including cacao, coffee production, collecting banana, cotton, coconut, mining, fishery, begging, peddling, being waiters in restaurants and workplaces, transportation, constructions. Children are also exposed to commercial sexual exploitation, forced to beg, forced to work in mining. Children sent to Koran teachers are also forced to work in Guinea. They are sent to coasts of Boke to be worked, to Senegal for education, to Senegal, Mali to be worked in gold mining. Girls are trafficked to Nigeria, Benin, Senegal, Greece, Spain etc. to be worked as a servant or to be sexual slavery at houses.
In Guinea, existence of many problems which obstructs children from going to school causes low school attendance rates. Transportation, teacher, school, lack of material, unhygienic conditions, lack of birth certificate are some of the problems. Within the framework of National Birth Records Policy it is aimed to record the births of all children under 8 years old. It is hoped that with this policy school attendance will increase.
GUYANA
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 1998, convention no 182 in 2001. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
According to UNICEF’s 2012 data in Guyana, 23 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are working, 94,5 % of them are attending school. 23,2 of the children aged 7 to 14 years are both working and attending school. Children are engaged in child labor including farming, forestry, fishery, construction, mining, being waiters in restaurants, housework, peddling, exposing commercial sexual exploitation as a result of trafficking in human.
In Guyana, Tackling child labour through education in African, Caribbean and the Pacific (ACP) States (TACKLE) Project with the budget of 16 million dollars was implemented in 2008-2013 were developed the framework on child labor and child education across the country and were strengthened institutional capacity to ensure formulation and enforcement of child labor strategies.
HAITI
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 2009, convention no 182 in 2007. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
According to UNESCO’s data in Haiti, 29 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are working, 81,2 % of them are attending school. 27,5 of the children are both working and attending school. Children are engaged in child labor including production of sweet potatoes, rise and corn, fishery, construction, being waiters in buffets, car washing etc.*.
Haitian children are trafficked both within the country and to Republic of Dominican. During these trafficking periods, sometimes those children are delivered unharmed to their families, but children are found themselves while working in agriculture, housework and being fall into organized begging gangs’ hands.
In addition to those problems, lack of state schools and teachers cause the children to choose not to got school. Besides books, other expenses such as registration fees discourage the children and their parents about it. Later on these children are faced with the possibility of trafficking or to be in a child labor. Children attending a school goes to private schools against payment. In Haiti since the compulsory education age is 11 years old and working age limit is 14 years old, children under this age are worked and exploited illegally.
After an earthquake (12 january 2010) the project carried out by ILO-IPEC to prevent and eliminate child labor. In this project, studies were made to inform the key actors on child labor, to improve the institutional capacity of them and also the social dialog between stakeholders. This project is funded by USDOS and Brazilian Agency for Cooperation.
HOLLAND
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 1976, convention no 182 in 2009. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
In Holland, Official statistics on child labor are not updated. Holland is a source, transit and destination country on trafficking in human and forced labor. Dutch are trafficked to sexually exploited in the country. Boys are forced to worked in marines, agriculture, cooking and cleaning.#
HONDURAS
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 1980, convention no 182 in 2001. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
According to UNESCO’s 2012 data in Honduras, 7,2 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are working, 83,7 % of them are attending school. 4,8 % of the children aged 7 to 14 years are both working and attending school. Children are engaged in child labor including production of fireworks, housework, fishery, construction. Children are exposed to commercial sexual exploitation and forced to be in drug trafficking as a result of trafficking in human. Honduran children are trafficked to Central and North Africa for sexual exploitation.*.
The law to protect children legally was enacted in 2013. With this law, conditions of work, work places and shelters of children and the other rights of children be consistent with the protection of children are compulsory. If the child labors in where he lives, prior permission should be get. Labour of children is legal in the following cases; being elder than 16 years of age, if it is necessary for the livelihood of their family and be held so as not to disrupt the school life. Prohibitions and permissions according to ages and sectors are clearly defined in this law.
In Honduras an ILO-IPEC Project of Global Action Program(GAP) on Child Labour Issues (2011-2016) and Future Brilliantes: Project to Reduce Child Labour and Improve ;Labor Rights and Working Conditions in Honduras (2014-2018) are carried on to reduce child labor. In addition, in 2015, USDOL announced the award of 7$ million cooperative agreement to World Vision to implement a project to combat exploitative child labor, to improve labor rights and working conditions in Honduras. (http://www.dol.gov/opa/media/press/ilab/ILAB20150331.htm)
HUNGARY
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 1998, convention no 182 in 2000. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
There aren’t any data about child labor.
In 2008 it came up that child labor was used in motorway construction.(http://budapesttimes.hu/2008/07/05/child-labour-used-in-hungary-motorway-construction/)
INDIA
ILO** Convention no 138 and no 182 had not been ratified.It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
According to UNESCO’s 2008 data in India, 2,0 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are working, 88,8 % of them are attending school. 0,8 % of the children aged 7 to 14 years are both working and attending school. Approximately 70 % of the children are worked in agricultural sector, in engaged in production of rice, sugar cane, collecting cotton. Eventhough participation of children to industry sector is less (17,5 %) the varieties of the works done in industry is more than agricultural sector. These are in quarries, quarry crushing, production of fireworks, leatherwork, ornamentation of textiles, carpentry, wrapping cigarette (called “bidis”). Except these they are worked in construction, housework, selling foods and other products in streets, making vehicle repairs. Children are forced to work in agriculture, carpentry, begging, quarries, quarry crushing, ornamentation of clothes.*.
Indıa is a source, transit and destination country for children are trafficked to commercial sexual exploitation, forced to work in housework, in agriculture etc. It is known that they are used in armed conflicts.
Until today in India, many projects to combat child labor were adopted and many steps were taken. For example; to combat the worst forms of child labor, Convergence Model Project funded by USDOL had been carried on for 5 years and completed in 2013. Other continuing projects are related on combatting the worst forms of labor, food assistance to children and their families, data collection on working children, educational and professional development of working children in this way keeping away from the danger of working life, data collection on trafficking in child, combatting bonded child labor etc.
IRAQ
ILO** Convention no 138 and no 182 had been ratified in 2001. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***
According to UNESCO’s 2007 data in Iraq, 5,3 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are working, 75 % of them are attending school. 4,2 % of the children aged 7 to 14 years are both working and attending school. According to UNICEF’s report 400 children are worked for illegal armed forces. It is very common that young girls to be sold to other people under the name of “religious marriage” or “temporary marriage”. Migration of Syrian refugees, is a matter of increase in this situation.*.
Child labor and children’s requirements are left hanging air in Iraq where insecurity and violence are still exist in. Social programs are tried to be applied to combat child labor related on child rights, education of children and unprotected population(including children who are candidates to work in the worst forms of child labor) .
IRELAND
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 1978, convention no 182 in 1999. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
In Ireland, 864.449 children aged 0 to 14 are worked. 457.889 of them are attending school. Campaigns have been carried out in the country to take actions to prevent child labor in collecting cotton and cacao and to encourage children to go to school (Child Labor, Development Education Unit, Concern Worldwide).
ISRAEL
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 1976, convention no 182 in 2005. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
Hundreds of Palestinian children are worked in the fields of West Bank. According to Human Rights Watch’s report, it is stated that children are worked for 19 $ a whole day. Most of these children left their school and worked in high temperature, with dangerous equipments and taking risks of hazardous pesticides. They start to work early hours in the morning i.e. 05:30-06:00 and work for 8 hours in a day, 6-7 days in a week. Children told that they work almost 12 hours in a day during harvest periods and they were not allowed even to have a break and forced to continue working. (http://www.hrw.org/node/133919/section/2).
ITALY
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 1981, convention no 182 in 2000. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
Child labor in Italy, not being able to known how much of that problem, it is obvious that this problem has continued. For example according to Le Monde’s report in 2012, More than 50.000 children living in Naples, poor city of Campaign Region left school to get a job (http://www.soschildrensvillages.ca/child-labour-evidence-naples-italy).(http://www.soschildrensvillages.ca/child-labour-evidence-naples-italy).
Italy keeps a country in which italian children are working , children forced to migrate from other countries through war and similar ways are forced to work, also. Iı’s expected that the more refugees come to borders of this country the more children will be seen in working life, truly the more they will be exploited. (http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/09/4000-immigrants-italy-boat-48-hours-eu-help) .
IVORY COAST
ILO** Convention no 138 and no 182 had been ratified in 2003. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***
According to UNICEF 2012 data, 39,8 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are working, 53,6 % of the children them are attending school. 24,3 % of the children aged 7 to 14 years are both working and attending school.*.
Children in Ivory Coast are engaged in child labor including cacao production, deep diving for fishery, golden and diamond mining agriculture and selling in streets as a result of trafficking in child, to be forced begging by Koran teacher’s. According to ILO** 2013 data, 97.700 children were forced to work.
Children were trafficked countrywide or to another countries. Girls aged 15 to 16 or sometimes below these ages were trafficked promising to work in bars and restaurants but exposed to sexual exploitation. In Ivory Coast children lack of school, teacher and birth certificate have only chance are “working”. Besides children in schools exposing sexual exploitation or physical assaults take a dislike to attend school.
National Action Plan Against Child Labor, Exploitation and Trafficking (2012-2014), Project Aiming to Increase Accessing Education (2012-2015) were implemented. Creating a Protective Environment for Children in Cocoa Growing Communities through CLMS and Advocacy Interventions Project was carried out in between 2012-2015 for prevention of child labor especially in cacao production ( using insecticides, burdening, use of hazardous vehicles)(www.ilo.org).
JAMAİCA
ILO** Convention no 138 and no 182 had been ratified in 2003. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***
According to UNESCO’s 2004 data in Jamaica, 8,4 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are working, 98,6 % of them are attending school. 9,5 % of the children aged 7 to 14 years are both working and attending school. Eventhough there isn’t any inclusive data on child labor in Jamaica, one parent and low income families’s girls are usually exposed to child trafficking. Children are used in commercial sexual exploitation and pornography.*.
TACKLE project established jointly by UN Commission and ILO** covers also Jamaica. In 2013, 130 among 670 children benefiting from the project were withdrawn from working life. Child Labour Measurement and Policy Development Project funded by USDOL aims to get new data and to analyze them.
JAPAN
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 2000, convention no 182 in 2001. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
There isn’t any verifiable data on child labor. In Japan, Red Card to Child Labour Campaign by ILO** has been carried out to eliminate the worst forms of child labor by the end of 2016. It has started in 2013
Child prostitution and pornography, child trafficking and exploitation have seen in the country.
JORDAN
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 1998, convention no 182 in 2000. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
According to UNESCO’s 2012 data in Jordan, 0,8 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are working, 94,9 % of them are attending school. 0,7 % of the children are both working and attending school. Children are engaged in child labor including agriculture, mining, dyeing, construction, carpentry, car-mechanic, works done in streets and house, hairdressing, selling and exposing to the worst forms of child labor (begging, doing housework and commercially sexually exploited as a result of trafficking in human.*.
Jordan is transit and destination country.# With the migration of Syrian Refugee children, the number of children involved in the worst forms of labor has been increased (http://www.irinnews.org/report/97062/jordan-syrian-child-refugees-who-work-culture-or-coping-mechanism).
Project funded by ILO** has a been carried out in Jordan since 2002. Besides, social programs related on child beggars and child labor in general have been carried on in the country.
KAZAKHISTAN
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 2001 and convention no 182 had been ratified in 2003. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***
According to UNESCO’s 2013 data in Kazakhstan, 3,2 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are working, 90,7 % of them are attending school. 3,6 % of the children aged 7 to 14 years are both working and attending school. Children are worked in collecting cotton, production of vegetables, works on streets (as porter), in housework, car washing, forced to beg, commercial sexual exploitation.*.
Kazakhistan has maintained studies for the implementation of convention no 182 and made legal frameworks and policies to eliminate the worst forms of child labor by applying some projects i.e. “Joint Action Plan for Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labor” and “Implementation of ILO** International Convention 182 in the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2012-2014″ Also studies were done on trafficking in human by “National Action Plan to Combat Human Trafficking(2012-2014)”. In addition with another project funded by Germany efforts have been continued targeting to eliminate the child labor in Central Asia. Social programs targeting the people being trafficked and increasing the school and hospital facilities in the country have been implemented.
According to Philip Morris Kazakhistan, many young refugees are involved in collecting tobacco leaves more than 13 hours in a day. Children usually are immigrated from Central-Asia with their families.(http://hrbrief.org/2011/02/made-in-kazakhstan-migrant-child-labor-in-kazakhstan%E2%80%99s-tobacco-fields/)
KENYA
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 1979 and convention no 182 had been ratified in 2003. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***
In Kenya, 26 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are involved in child labor. Children are worked in agriculture, service and industry. Being the worst forms of child labor, children are exposed to commercial sexual exploitation drug trafficking, begging and collecting tobacco and being a child soldier used by Al Shabaab.*.
In Kenya more than 8400 children are saved from exploitation with the project( funded by USDOL) which had been continued for 4 years and ended in 2013. Kenya has been benefiting from “Global Action Program on Child Labor Issues Project” and “Tackling Child Labour Through Education Project”. In addition to these, in the country, some socials programs have been carried out, i. e. projects aiming food distribution to children in schools, supporting to refugees, providing necessary facilities for the people who are trafficked
KIRGHIZISTAN
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 1979 and convention no 182 had been ratified in 2003. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***
According to UNESCO’s 2012 data in Kirghizistan, 4,5 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are working, 84 % of them are attending school. 4,8 % of the children aged 7 to 14 years are both working and attending school.*.
Children in Kirghizistan are worked in collecting cotton, tobacco, rise in agriculture, brick production, construction and mining in industry, carrying in service. Besides children are exposed to the worst forms of child labor by working in drug trafficking, being in commercial sexual and labor exploitation.
With the program to prevent child labor in tobacco collecting, the engagement of 3000 children in child labor tried to be prevented. Programs giving lessons for the children in working children areas and social support programs for the children and their families living in hard conditions have been carried out. In Kirghizistan a project funded by Norway to prevent child labor had been carried out in 2006-2010. A project funded by Germany including there countries (Kirghizistan, Kazakhistan, Tajikistan) inCentral-Asia to eliminate the worst forms of child labor had been carried out in 2008-2011.
LEBANON
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 2003, convention no 182 in 2001. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
Athough There aren’t any actual data on child labor, Ministry of Labor have increased the number of child labor from 100.000 in 2006 to estimation of 180.000 in 2013 (http://reliefweb.int/report/lebanon/more-kids-pushed-labour-lebanon). Children are worked in collecting vegetables-fruits, tobacco production, fishery, construction, stone carrying, vehicle-repair, housework, preparation of dead people for funerals, drug trafficking, armed guarding etc. Trafficking in human prepares an appropriate environment for children to be exposed such kind of works. Trafficked Syrian girls are forced to sex labor by temporary or illegal marriages, are forced to work in housework. *.
In the country, National Action Plan to eliminate the worst forms of child labor have been carried out in 2013-2016. Besides National Social Development Strategy including protection of working children have been adopted. Syrian children have been attending 13 public schools. Density and range of Child Labor in Lebanon have been investigated with the project funded by USDOL in cooperation with ILO-IPEC. UNHCR have been continuing studies to raise awareness of the adults who became unprotected like their children and to protect them. UN’s target for 2014 was to provide educational opportunity at least 100.000 Syrian children. These studies can be counted as success of Lebanon (with the contribution of other international groups) on child labor. But Lebanon has not had a program to reduce or eliminate trafficking in human, yet. As it was stated on the article in Guardian on 12 january- world child labor struggle day- Children had to immigrated from Syrian have still been trying to cope with the difficulties (http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/jun/12/-sp-syrian-refugee-children-in-lebanon-forced-to-seek-work-in-pictures).
MACEDONIA
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 1991, convention no 182 in 2001. It is not been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
In Macedonia , 9,9 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are working, 84,7 % of them are attending school. 11,5 % of the children aged 7 to 14 years are both working and attending school. Children are worked in agriculture, in begging, selling on the streets, are exposed to commercial sexual and labor exploitation as a result of trafficking in human.*.
Studies targeting to eliminate child labor have been carried out in the country. Action Plan for Street Children (2013-2015). National Action Plan for Illegal Immigration and Trafficking in Human(2013-2016), National Action Plan for Child Rights (2012-2015) are some of these studies.
MADAGASCAR
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 2000, convention no 182 in 2001. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
According to UNESCO’s 2012 data in Madagascar, 22,1 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are working, 69,1 % of them are attending school. 15,4 % of the children aged 7 to 14 years are both working and attending school. Children are worked in collecting cacao, coal, cotton, marijuana, in fishery, breeding in agricultural sector, in golden, crystal, sapphire, quartz mining, in stone carrying and crushing, in salt production in industrial sector, in housework, at bars, on streets in service sector. and they are exposed to commercial sexual exploitation, be forced to beg or work under debt bondage as the worst forms of child labor.*.
In the country, many ILO-IPEC Projects to abolish the worst forms of child labor have been realized. Since child prostitution is so high, state, social shareholders and citizen are warned, awareness is tried to be increased.(http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/features/WCMS_241148/lang—en/index.htm). With the TACKLE Project (Tackling Child Labor Through Education) it is provided that many girls have increased their life standards by taking education firstly and than have decent jobs. Beside National Action Plan have been adopted to abolish the worst forms of child labor in 2014-2019. .
According to the news at the end of 2012, as for being the biggest vanilla producer in Madagascar’s Sava Region 20.000 children aged 12 to 17 have been worked in vanilla production since 2009.(http://www.moneyweb.co.za/archive/20000-children-work-in-madagascar-vanilla-producti/).
MALİ
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 2002, convention no 182 in 2000. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
According to UNESCO’s 2012 data, 46,4 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are working, 42 % of them are attending school. 20,5 % of the children aged 7 to 14 years are both working and attending school. 4 out of every 5 children are worked in picking a product and in fishery agriculture. Except these, they are involved in child labor including gold mining, housework, slavery, forcing to work in mining, in housework, forcing to beg,. They are also exposed to commercial sexual exploitation, work under debt bondage.*.
In the country some studies have been carried out to eliminate the worst forms of child labor until 2015, to eliminate exploitative child labor until 2020. These are National Plan to Combat Child Labor (2011-2020) and PRSP Project ((2012-217). The second one comprises targets like to increase quality of education, increase employment for young people etc.
MAURITANIA
ILO** Convention no 138 and no 182 had been ratified in 2001. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***
According to UNESCO’s 2012 data, 18,2 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are working, 48,6 % of them are attending school. 10,8 % of the children aged 7 to 14 years are both working and attending school. Children are worked in agriculture, in fishery, in housework, carrying on streets, shoe shining, and they are forced to work in drug selling and commercial sexual exploitation in the worst forms of child labor.*.
In Mauritania children and their families have been living slave-like living conditions. The country with the most slave population in the world, it is estimated that 18 % of the population (600.000 people) are enslaved. (http://www.antislavery.org/english/slavery_today/descent_based_slavery/slavery_in_mauritania/default.aspx). Because of slave caste system, children were born as slave and like their parents, they live and work without gaining money, they are forced to work the master’s land and give all their products to master. Children trying to escape are killed. Another tradition of the country is religion teacher force the children to beg more than 12 hours a day.
Girls from Mauritanian, Malian, Senegalese and other West African countries are forced to work in housework in Mauritania. Women and girls especially without birth certificate are forced to prostitute and are trafficked to Middle East Countries. Some are forced to temporary marriages.#.
Projects aiming to combat poverty, slavery, child labor and provide education opportunities to children have been carried out in the country.
MAURITUS
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 1990, convention no 182 in 2000. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
In Mauritius, some studies and plans have carried out to combat child labour. These are “National Policy Plan for Families” containing protection of children, and job training of adults etc subjects, “Education And Human Resources Strategic Plan” aiming to increase access to education, “UNDP Mauritius Program” aiming to reduce inequality of opportunity in education, “Online Child Security Action Plan ” aiming to prevent exploitation of children over the internet. Beside studies to eliminate the worst forms of child labor have been done.
Poverty in the country have been creating appropriate environment for child labor-slavery and generally exploitation of them, even though it is banned in convention (http://www.sos-childrensvillages.org/where-we-help/africa/mauritius). Mauritius is a source country for trafficking in human. Trafficked children are usually forced into prostitution in the country. Especially girls whose mother’s are prostitutes are forced into prostitution. (http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2010/142760.htm)
MOLDOVA
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 1999, convention no 182 in 2002. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
According to UNESCO’s 2012 data, 24,3 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are working, 92,1 % of them are attending school. 29 % of the children aged 7 to 14 years are both working and attending school. More than 95 % of the children are worked in agriculture. Remaining are worked on streets or in construction, some other are forced to beg or to be in commercial sexual exploitation.*.
Moldavian victims of trafficking are forced work in countries such as Turkey, Cyprus, Greece, United Arab Emirates, Kosovo. Human traffickers put people and children to more difficult situations in some ways such as fraud, debt bondage, document retention, force them to go to another country to receive their salary etc.#.
Programs have been carried out to prevent the worst forms of child labor and child labor. Some of them; National Action Plan to abolish and prevent the worst forms of child labor carried out in 2011-2015, Additional Social Programs offering families to fund children’s school spendings. Some are funded by The World Bank and USDOS.*.
MONGOLIA
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 2002, convention no 182 in 2001. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
According to UNESCO’s 2012 data in Mongolia, 13,8 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are working, 87,6 % of them are attending school. 15,1 % of the children aged 7 to 14 years are both working and attending school. 85 % of children are worked in agriculture, in breeding and pastoralism. Remaining children are involved in child labor including construction, mining, horse-riding, trash collection, commercial sexual exploitation, begging, thieving, acrobatics. In Mongolia, trafficked girls are usually worked in saunas, bars and hotels.*.
In Mogolia, programs in collaboration with both national, NGOs and funded by an international organizations such as UNICEF, The World Bank, UNDP, EU, IMF have been conducted.
Mongolian women and children are trafficked to China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines i.e. countries and forced to prostitute. In 2013, China was the country that most trafficking victims return to Mongolia. In the country the number of illegal/undocumented Palestinian houseworkers have increased in recent years.#
MOROCCO
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 2000, convention no 182 in 2001. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
It is not possible gathering and comparing data on each time for Morocco. There are very few data for Morocco since not many research have been done and before 2000’s even the talk of child labor had been rare. According to data in 2001, 13.500 children around Casablanca and 86.000 children in countrywide are engaged as child labor in housework. In 2009, 9 % of children aged 5 to 14 years were working. According to the report published in 2012 by Human Rights Watch, a decline had been determined in household labor since 2005. The number of children attending school have been increased upon education campaigns made by state, NGOs andUN (Human rigths watch- lonely servitude, domestic labor in morocco).
Children are forced to work in housework or on street, therefore becoming unprotected against sexual exploitation. Children, especially boys are exposed to commercial sexual exploitation for tourists of Europian and Basra Bay in touristic cities such as Tangier, Agadir and Marrakech.
Production policies for children’s education, protection, supporting for health have been aimed by UNICEF. State’s Migration Policy Reform aims to develop the access of immigrated children to education. Social programs such as prevention child labor in manuel labor, survey for working girls, child protection centers have been continued to prevent child labor. The most important, “Integrated Public Policy for Child Protection” the key stage in National Action Plan for Children is got off the ground.
MOZAMBIQUE
ILO** Convention no 138 and no 182 had been ratified in 2003. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***
According to UNESCO’s 2012 data, 22,5 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are working, 69,5 % of them are attending school. 22,4 % of the children aged 7 to 14 years are both working and attending school. Children are worked in collection of tea, cotton, in forestry, in tobacco production, in mining, in housework, in construction, street works including begging, in commercial sexual exploitation and under debt bondage in agriculture. There isn’t any information on child labor in industrial sector. *.
In Mozambique, approximately 20.000 children who were lost their parents due to HIV/AIDS have had to work to look after their little children. Children usually are worked in agriculture and selling works. Young girls are forced to commercial sexual exploitation in border cities and in Baira, in Maputo, in Nacala, in Nampula and in Tete.
Child Labor National Action Plan (2013-2019) includes studies for 13 purpose in making birth registration as access to education. Reducing Poverty Action Plan, Birth Records National Action Plan have been the studies carried out in the country.
NEPAL
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 1997, convention no 182 in 2002. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***
According to UNESCO’s 2013 data, 33,7 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are working, 89,5 % of them are attending school. 35,2 % of the children aged 7 to 14 years are both working and attending school. Approximately 90 % of the children are worked in agriculture. Remaining are worked in mining, in construction, in carpentry, in carrying, in commercial sexual exploitation and in forced labors.*.
Forced labor include debts are paid not by money but by labor and production power. Children retain the status of their parents and work and live alongside.
In the country plans had been carried out aiming to abolish the worst forms of child labor until the end of 2009 and also child labor until 2015. Besides Action Plan Against Trafficking in Human and Plans to increase access to education and to prevent children who can not go to school to be exposed in the worst forms of child labor have been carried out.
NIGERIA
ILO** Convention no 138 and no 182 had been ratified in 2001. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***
According to UNESCO’s 2012 data, 31,1 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are working, 76,2 % of them are attending school. 26,8 % of the children aged 7 to 14 years are both working and attending school. Children are worked in agriculture, in breeding, construction and as the worst forms of child labor in commercial sexual exploitation, in forced labor.*.
In Nigeria education has became free to increase the attendance to school of children in some cities, going to school has became obligatory in some cities, studies to increase public awareness on children’s education has been done in some cities. Programs funded by USDOL to abolish the worst forms of the child labor have been carrying out by ILO**.
Nigeria is a source, transit and destination country for trafficking in women and children. In rural, trafficked women and girls are worked in housework or as sex labor, boys are worked in mining, in agriculture,in begging. Boys enrolled to religious schools are taken to Kano, Kaduna, Sokota etc. and forced to beg there by their teachers. Girls and women from Benin are forced to prostitute in Italy, young women and children from another countries are sent to some countries such as Holland, Germany, Turkey, Belgium, Denmark for the same purpose.#.
NIKARAGUA
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 1981, convention no 182 in 2000. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***
According to UNESCO’s 2010 data, 8,4 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are working, 84,9 % of them are attending school. 7 % of the children aged 7 to 14 years are both working and attending school. *.
Children are worked in various jobs in agriculture, industry and service sectors. Some of them are exposed to commercial sexual exploitation in Managua, Granada, Atlantic Coasts. Nikaragua is a source and transit country for sex labor in women and children. Young women and girls are trafficked and forced to work in the country, in neighboring countries, in Central America, in Mexico, and in USA. #.
NORWAY
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 1980, convention no 182 in 2000. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***
Norway is rather a destination country for trafficking in young women and girls, but besides is a source and transit country. Children are usually worked in housework, forced to make illegal works such as begging, selling drugs and thieving.#
According to the survey done in 2011, 44 firms out of 527 had never used child labor, 232 out of them had failed on criteria such as having a child labor policy in place or having systems to prevent adverse effects of the firm’s actions on children’s welfare. (http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/06/10/norway-fund-childlabour-idUSLDE75911C20110610)
A Norwegian researcher said in his article that today in Norway child labor does not exist at all (http://nation.com.pk/columns/13-Jun-2013/ending-child-labour).
PAKISTAN
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 2006, convention no 182 in 2001. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***
According to UNESCO’s 2012 data, 13 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are working, 1,6 % of them are attending school. 72,3 % of the children aged 7 to 14 years are both working and attending school. Three quarters of children are worked in construction, mining, carpet weaving, as child soldier, and under debt bondage. Girls are usually exposed to exploitation and are worked in housework. In 2013 some servants have been killed by their employers. Some girls are forced into marriage and are trafficked in human and exposed to sexual exploitation. Children are sold, hired, trafficked and worked in begging. In 2013, 27 people are arrested because of intentionally injuring 8 children and trafficking them. *.
Some children are trafficked by illegal militants to be used in armed conflicts. These children are exposed physically, sexually and psychologically. Some of them are grown as suicide bomber by Taliban and trafficked to Afghanistan from Pakistan.
Working under debt bondage is the main source for trafficking in human for Pakistan. # From 2 to 4 million people mostly from Sindh and Punjab have been working under debt bondage. Efforts to eliminate the worst forms of child labor, to combat child labor and working under debt bondage, to abolish trafficking in human, to protect children, to prevent poverty have been made in the country. *.
PANAMA
ILO** Convention no 138 and no 182 had been ratified in 2000. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***
ILO-IPEC kapsamındadır.
According to UNESCO’s 2012 data, 94,3 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are working, 4,5 % of them are attending school. 4,5 % of the children aged 7 to 14 years are both working and attending school. Three quarters of the children are worked in agriculture, in cultivation of coffee, tomato, sugar cane, bananas and fishery. Others are worked in construction, housework, collecting metals from sea, on streets and are exposed to sexual exploitation as a result of trafficking in human.*.
Panama is a source, transit and destination country for trafficking in human and forced labor. Panamanian girls and women especially from local communities are worked in housework in the country.#.
“Building Effective Policies Against Child Labor in Ecuador and Panama Project”has been carried out by ILO** in 2013-2016 to combat child labor (http://www.ilo.org/ipec/projects/global/WCMS_356148/lang–en/index.htm).
PARAGUAY
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 2004, convention no 182 in 2001. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***
According to UNESCO’s 2012 data, 15,3% of the children aged 5 to 14 years are working, 90,3 % of them are attending school. 12,1 % of the children aged 7 to 14 years are both working and attending school. More than half of these children are worked in collecting cotton an sugar cane, production of soy, sesame, peas, herding cattle in agricultural sector. Others are worked in coal extraction, in brick production, in golden mining, in soccer ball production, in housework, in portage and being the worst forms of child labor they are worked in pornography production, in housework, to be exploited sexually, trafficked for forced labor, are worked by armed forces.*.
Paraguay is a source, transit and destination country for trafficking in human for sexual exploitation and forced labor. In Paraguay within the system called “Criadazgo”, children are forced to work as servants in houses for food, education or accommodation. In 2013, 47.000 Paraguayan children, mostly girls working in this system are exposed to sexual exploitation and became unprotected against trafficking in human. Beside children are used in logistic works by armed forces. In the country many projects and social policies have been carried out on exploitation of child labor, elimination of the worst forms of child labor. # *.
POLAND
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 1978, convention no 182 in 2002. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***
Polish women and children are trafficked for sexual exploitation in the country and to Austria, Germany, Italy, Japan, Malta, Morocco, Swedish, Holland, United Kingdom etc. Trafficking in human in the country have increased in recent years. #.
PORTUGAL
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 1998, convention no 182 in 2000. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***
Portugal is a source, transit and destination country for trafficking in human and forced labor. Usually Roman or children trafficked from Eastern Europe are forced to beg, the others are forced to thieve. Children trafficked from Portugal to Europe are forced to work or exposed to sexual exploitation. #.
REPUBLIC OF CONGO
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 1999 and convention no 182 had been ratified in 2002. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***
According to UNESCO’s 2012 data in Republic of Congo, 27 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are working, 87,8 % of them are attending school. 27,1 % of the children aged 7 to 14 years are both working and attending school. *.
Republic of Congo is a source, transit and destination country for trafficking in human as it is seen in Democratic Republic of Congo. Children from rural are trafficked to urban to be work in their relatives’ houses or in fishery, agriculture. #.
In the country, a program has been established to support financially trafficked children’s families, besides studies to develop awareness have been carried out.
REPUBLIC OF CZECH
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 2007, convention no 182 in 2001. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
Rep. of Czech is the source, transit and destination country for forced to prostitute. Legal data on child labor doesn’t exist. It is just known that one third of the girls and one seventh of the boys are sexually exploited.(www.humanium.org).
REPUBLIC OF DOMINICAN
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 1999, convention no 182 in 2000. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
According to UNESCO’s 2012 data in Rep. Of Dominican, 5,3 % of the children aged 10 to 14 years are working, 96,1 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are attending school. 4,8 % of the children aged 10 to 14 years are both working and attending school.*.
Children born in Haiti and Rep. of Dominican easily trafficked through borders of two countries and are usually worked together. They are engaged in child labor including collecting sugar cane, coffee, rice and servicing at bars, working in mines for the stone named “larimar”, housework, illegal works at the borders (drug trafficking and transporting).
ROMANIA
LO Convention no 138 had been ratified in 1975, convention no 182 in 2000. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***
Romania is a source, transit and destination country for trafficked children to be exploited sexual or laboring. Children trafficked to almost every countries of Europe are worked in agriculture, construction, as servants in house and in restaurants, forced to beg, forced to thieve. Women and children are forced to be prostitute. In 2013, victims of human trafficking are hired through their familiars not job agencies or job advertisements. #.
In Romania 6 ILO** Projects had been carried out to eliminate child labor and the worst form of child labor in 2003-2010.
RUANDA
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 1981, convention no 182 in 2000. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***
According to UNESCO’s 2012 data, 16,1 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are working, 79,1 % of them are attending school. 17,6 % of the children aged 7 to 14 years are both working and attending school. Children are worked in agriculture, in breeding, in fishery, in mining, in housework, to be exploited sexually, trafficked for forced labor, are worked by armed forces.*.
In 2013, Ruanda State supported “The 23 rd March Movement” used children be involved in conflicts against Democratic Republic of Congo . These children are used as sex slavery, carrier, warrior, agent, servant. But there aren’t any information about their number.
In the country, many projects have been carried to eliminate child labor and the worst forms of child labor.
RUSSIA
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 1979, convention no 182 in 2003. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
In Russia there aren’t any official statistics on child labor. Children are involved in child labor including agriculture, construction, begging, dish washing, pornography production, commercial sexual exploitation. Commercial sexual exploitation usually exist in big cities. Homeless and orphaned children are potential victims of commercial sexual exploitation also.*.
In the country there are plan related on children such as National Children Strategy (2012-2017), National Action Plan for Security of Children’s Information Concept and Prevention of Trafficking in Human. But there isn’t any national/international program to abolish directly the worst forms of child labor. *.
Russia have problems on trafficking in human. It is a source, transit and destination country. In Russia, children are trafficked to work and sexually work by force. It is estimated that 5-12 million foreign worker exist in the country. These workers are forced to live in hard conditions by grabbing their certificates, exploiting physically, working without payment. #.
But state has been in cooperation with many countries to prevent trafficking in human. Even though state officers say that slavery is not a problem for the country. ILO** officers say that it is possible to combat with child slavery. (http://english.pravda.ru/society/stories/10-12-2012/123109-child_slavery-0/).
SENEGAL
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 1999, convention no 182 in 2000. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
According to UNESCO’s 2012 data, 14,9 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are working, 53,6 % of them are attending school. 8,3 % of the children aged 7 to 14 years are both working and attending school. Children are worked in breeding, mining, housework, on streets, and they are forced to be in commercial sexual exploitation, to beg, collect trash and do housework. *.
Children sent to religious teachers for education but those teacher force them to beg and sleep out if they can’t collect enough money. In 2013 Dakar Region almost 55.000 students were existing. Girls are sexually exploited by worker of schools and have to quit school because of becoming pregnant.
Senegal is a source, transit and destination country for trafficking in human for commercial sexual and labor exploitation. Even though trafficking are done mostly in the country, children brought from Gambia, Mali are forced to beg, Senegalese girls are worked in housework in neighbor countries, in Europe and in Middle East. Girls and women are exposed to sexual exploitation. #.
SIERRA LEONE
ILO** Convention no 138 and no 182 had been ratified in 2011 It is not been as part of ILO-IPEC***
According to UNESCO’s 2012 data, 34,7 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are working, 73,8,8 % of them are attending school. 31,6 % of the children aged 7 to 14 years are both working and attending school. Children are worked in agriculture, in industry and in service. They are forced to be involved in the worst forms of child labor.*.
Eventhough civil war was ended in Sierra Leone, children have not achieved prosperity and peace, yet. During civil war, boys are forced to kill others, girls are sexually exploited and many people have lost their life in 90’s. War has been waged because of diamond in the country and continued by the support from mines (http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/sierra_leone.htm, http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/sierra_leone.htm) Children have been forced to work in diamond mines and crushing granite stones for very long hours. (http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/05/the-rock-mining-children-of-sierra-leone-have-not-found-peace/257899/)
Many projects to reduce and to eliminate the child labor and the worst forms of child labor in the country have been carried out such as; Global Action Program on Child Labor Issues Project funded by USDOL; Program to Combat Child Trafficking and Forced Child Labor in Sierra LionE funded by US; TACKLE Project by UN Commission and ILO**.
SOUTH AFRICA REPUBLIC
ILO** Convention no 138 and no 182 had been ratified in 2000. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***
According to the Statics South Africa’s report published in 2010, The Survey on the Activities of Young People, 11 million children live in SA. Approximately 78% of them are aged 7 to 17 years. 98 % of these children are attending school. 25 % of working children are attending school, 35 % of them are not.
South African children are trafficked to Johannesburf, Cape Town, Durban and Bloemfontein etc. from rural areas. Young girls are worked in housework and exposed to commercial, sexual exploitation. Young boys are worked in farming, peddling, and begging. It is determined that trafficked children are usually orphans.*.
In South Africa direct and indirect programs intended to eliminate child labor have been implemented. Some of these programs are donations to those in need, providing food for school children, raising awareness against trafficking.
SOUTH SUDAN
ILO** Convention no 138 and no 182 had been ratified in 2012. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***
South Sudan, after the longest-running civil war was separated from Sudan and gained independence in 2011. (http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14069082)
According to UNESCO’s 2014 data in South Sudan, 45,6% of the children aged 10 to 14 years are working, 31,5 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are attending school. 10,9 % of the children aged 10 to 14 years are both working and attending school. More than half of the children are worked in agriculture. Others are worked in construction, mining, housework, works done on streets, brick production and in the worst form of child labor, they are exposed to commercial sexual exploitation and in armed conflicts.*.
Children are forced to work with them by Sudan People’s Liberation Army, SPLA and the group fighting against the army on behalf of David Yau Yau, those children in both Sudan and South Sudan have been living in a heavy conditions.
In the country some project have been carried out to reduce and to eliminate child labor i. e. ” Global Action Program on Child Labor Issues Project” funded by USDOL, “TACKLE Project” by UN Commission and ILO**, “Program funded by World Bank”, “UNICEF’s Country Program” aiming to assist refugees.*.
SPAIN
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 1996, convention no 182 in 2002. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
Spain is a source, transit and destination country for trafficking in human and forced labor for sexual exploitation. Victims are forced to work in agriculture and service sectors, sometimes in debt bondage.
SRİ LANKA
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 2000, convention no 182 in 2001. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
According to UNESCO’s 2012 data in Sri Lanka, 9,2 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are working, 97,8 % of them are attending school. 10,4 % of the children aged 7 to 14 years are both working and attending school. Children are worked in agriculture, fishery, mining, construction, production of fireworks, housework, carrying, selling on streets, begging, and in the worst form of child labor, they are exposed to commercial sexual exploitation, forced to work in housework.*.
Sri Lanka is a source and destination country. People who are trafficked are forced to work by traffickers, are exploited physically or sexually. In the country women and children are forced to work in whorehouses. Boys are forced to sex tourism more than girls are done. their passports are taken away in human and forced labor. Physically disabled children or women are forced to beg and to make illegal jobs.#
State consultants have reported that in Sri Lanka children are forced to work under debt bondage. With the implementation of child protection laws this amount have started to decrease. Many studies to reduce and eliminate the worst forms of child labor have been carried out in the country such as ; Programs by USDOL aiming to improve public awareness; Studies of Ministry of Education on education of working children; Studies by the support of international organizations (ILO**, USAID, World Bank).
SUDAN
ILO** Convention no 138 and no 182 had been ratified in 2003. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***
In Sudan 24,9 % of the children aged 5 to 17 years are working (The Sudan Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey, 2014).
Sudan is a source, transit and destination country for trafficking in human, forced labor and sexual exploitation. Children and women trafficked from rural in the country are worked illegally without the protection of government. Girls are worked in whorehouse and restaurants, or sometimes as prostitutes by means of 3rd parties. In addition people are deceived by the lies to be worked in Libya and taken their money and put up for sale to work in agriculture and other sectors by gangsters. #.
SWEDEN
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 1996, convention no 182 in 2002. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
Sweden is one of the founding member of ILO**. In Sweden within Development Cooperation Framework, ensuring the improvement of the living conditions of the poor has aimed as general objective. To reach this objective three thematic priorities have been defined. Democracy and human rights; Environmental and Climate Change; Gender Equality and Role of Women. Sweden has been continuing its studies with partner countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America
TANZANIA
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 1998, convention no 182 in 2001. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
According to UNESCO’s 2012 data in Tanzania, 25,1% of the children aged 5 to 14 years are working, 74,1 % of them are attending school. 21,6 % of the children aged 7 to 14 years are both working and attending school. Children are worked in fishery, collecting products, construction, housework, works done on streets, and in the worst form of child labor, they are exposed to commercial sexual exploitation as result of trafficking in human, forced to work in housework, forced to beg.*.
Tanzania source, transit and destination country for trafficking in human. Trafficking within borders are more than international smuggling. Children entrusted to friends/familiars are trafficked and forced to work. Girls usually are worked in housework and are trafficked to touristic place for commercials sexual exploitation. Boys are worked in mining, in quarries, in farms, exposed to commercial sexual exploitation and in boats for fishery.#
In Tanzania, being the 4th golden producer of Europe, thousands of children are worked in gold mines. These are exploited sexually, forced to be prostitute. This is criticized and the subject to reports. (http://www.dw.de/tanzania-admits-child-labor-in-gold-mines/a-17052647 , http://www.hrw.org/news/2013/08/28/tanzania-hazardous-life-child-gold-miners ).
THAILAND
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 2004, convention no 182 in 2001. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
According to UNESCO’s 2012 data in Thailand, 13 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are working, 96,3 % of them are attending school. 14,4 % of the children aged 7 to 14 years are both working and attending school. Children are worked in fishery, collecting fruits and vegetables, housework, works done on streets, and in the worst form of child labor, they are exposed to commercial sexual exploitation, forced to beg, forced to assist in armed conflicts as result of trafficking in human.*.
Thailand is a source, transit and destination country for trafficking in human. Victims of trafficking are from neighboring countries and deceived and forced to work and exposed to sexual exploitation. Some of them are forced in fishery. Officials on the borders of Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Burma extorted to get people across the borders of these countries.#.
In the country, National Plan had been carried out from 2009 to 2014 to eliminate the worts forms of child labor. National Strategy to prevent Trafficking in Human is related on directly or indirectly to prevent child elimination. In addition, Children and Youth Development National Program (2012-2016)covers the rights of them to play and to rest. Boys and girls took part in half in shrimp and fishing works. USDOL has been carriyin out a project to prevent this situation. Tripartite Action for the Protection and Promotion of the Rights of Migrant Workers in the ASEAN Region Projects is related on protection and improvement of refugees’ rights. (Tripartite Action for the Protection and Promotion of the Rights of Migrant Workers in the ASEAN Region )
THE PHILLIPPINES
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 1998, convention no 182 in 2000. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
According to UNESCO’s 2011 data in The Phillippines, 11 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are working, 97,6 % of them are attending school. 11,3 of the children aged 7 to 14 years are both working and attending school. Approximately 65% of children are worked in agricultural sector, in cultivating sugar cane and tobacco and in fishery. They are engaged in child labor including mining, deep sea fishery, begging and drug trafficking, being a soldier in armed conflicts, pornography.*.
In The Phillippines, Convergence Program Against Child Labor in between 2013-2016 covering to support local governments creating a society eliminated child labor has been began. Also necessary legal regulations were made to prevent engagement of children in armed conflicts and trafficking in child. Unfortunately, the reality of girls trafficked from villages to cities to be forced to work in housework and commercially sexually exploited has not been changed. Trafficking events of boys for child pornography are increasing, also (U.S. Embassy- Manila. Reporting, February 15, 2013).
Another problem is children under aged 18 are engaged in child soldier by Moro İslamic Liberation Front(MILF), Morocco National Liberation Front ve the National People’s Army(NPA), the Abu Sayyaf Group and are used as guide, couriers, post. The decrease in number of child soldier has been expected with ratification of peace treaty with MILF in the beginning of 2014.
Haiyan Typhoon hit the country towards the end of 2013 left thousands of dead, destroyed cities, water, food and shelter scarcity behind. With the other problems, children loosing families members were exposed to exploit. (http://www.bbc.co.uk/turkce/haberler/2013/11/131111_filipinler_kizilhac)
There are programs in the country such as An Alternative Learning System Program aiming to educate children not attending school in the country, DOLE Child Labor Prevention and Elimination Program aiming to increase public consciousness and to establish an observation mechanism on child labor enforced by Labor and Employer Department. Also, in 2013 a survey on the applied programs set forth that a program named Conditional Money Transfer Program among them became successful to increase the attendance of poor children to school (U.S. Embassy-Manila. Reporting January 24, 2012)
ILO**– IPEC, In 2013, Country Level Engagement and Assistance to Reduce Child Labour (CLEAR) Project funded by USA has been implemented aiming to decrease the worst forms of labour by 75 % at 2017. In addition, application of Global Action Plan on Child Labor has been planned to continue in between 2011 and 2016. The other one is the Project to Combat Child Labor Exploitation in Sugar Cane Production areas. This project had been planned to finish at 2016.(www.dol.gov/ilab).
TOGO
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 1984, convention no 182 in 2000. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
According to UNESCO’s 2012 data in Togo, 35,7 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are working, 85,3 % of them are attending school. 35,5 % of the children aged 7 to 14 years are both working and attending school. Children are worked in agriculture, breeding, construction, begging, car-mechanics, housework and being the worst form of child labor they are forced to beg, and exposed to commercial sexual exploitation, forced to work in agriculture and housework as result of trafficking in human.*.
Togo is a country in which children sent for religious education are forced to beg, there’s not enough schools, children are exploited sexually or raped by their teachers, almost half of the children’s birth records are not made.
Togo is a source and transit country for trafficking in human.# Victims of Togo usually exploited in the country, children are worked usually in agriculture, quarries and sand work. One child from every 8 children are sent to work from their home and this is taken normally in Togo. Togo is one of the countries which is in the scope of Global Action Programme (GAP) on Child Labour Issues Project funded by USDOL.. (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4578573.stm )
TUNUSIA
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 1998, convention no 182 in 2001. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
Actual data on child labor could not be reached in Tunusia. Children are worked in agriculture, construction, housework, works on streets, and exposed to commercial sexual exploitation, forced to be in drug trafficking, forced to do housework being in the worst form of child labor as result of trafficking in human.*.
After the revolution of 2010, it is stated that child labor is more common by NGOs. Tunusia is a source, likely transit and destination country on trafficking in human. Girls aged 15 to 18 years are exploited as prostitutes in the coasts of Sousse and Sfax cities. Also, it is reported by securities that street gangs force children to work as thief and beggar and to make drug trafficking. #.
Jasmine Revolution took place in Tunusia against Zine El Abidine Ben Ali by public movement, before and after this revolution, protests, conflicts, high unemployment, inflation, social corruption, poor living conditions affected not only adults but also children. Today effects of the period started in 2011 has still been continuing, children lost their parents have difficulties. (http://www.wrmea.org/2011-march/three-views-tunisia-s-jasmine-revolution.html
http://www.euronews.com/2014/04/16/three-years-in-tunisias-revolution-still-struggles-/)
TURKEY
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 1998, convention no 182 in 2001. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
According to UNESCO’s 2011 data in Turkey, 2,6 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are working, 92,4 % of the children aged 6 to 14 years are attending school. 1,6 % of the children aged 6 to 14 years are both working and attending school. *.
According to the results of TUIK (Turkish Statistical Institution)’s “Child Labor Survey” implemented in October, November and December in 2012, the number of children aged 6 to 17 years are 15.247 thousand, 91,5% of them are attending school. This ratio is 97,2 % for the children aged 6 to 14 years and 74,7% for the children aged 15 to 17 years. This means children are quitted from schools. This survey was done in 2006, and results show that the number of both boys and girls attending a school ( 6-4 years old) are increased. Child labor ratio for the ages of 6 to 14 is % 2,6. i.
According to TUIK’s survey children aged 6 to 14 years are mostly involved in agricultural sector(appr. 200.000 children), then in service sector (appr. 52.000 children) and in industry ( app. 40.000 children) (Child Labor, TUIK, 2012). Children are involved in seasonal works such as collecting cotton, hazelnut and in car-mechanics, selling in streets, begging, burdening and exposed to commercial sexual exploitation and forced to be in in drug trafficking, to be in legal works, and used to be child soldier in PKK in South-East part of the country.* Children are killed not only working as a soldier but while playing or walking on the streets, also. (http://www.bugun.com.tr/oguzcan-akyurek-nasil-oldu-117859-haberi.aspx, http://www.milliyet.com.tr/semdinli-de-olen-gencin-ailesi-konustu/gundem/gundemdetay/07.11.2012/1623245/default.htm)
Syrian refugee children are another subject. Some of them live in refugee camps, some are try to immigrate to big cities like İstanbul, Ankara. According to some reports Syrian girls are sold for marriage are exposed to commercial sexual exploitation, to be in trafficking in human or forced labor.*.
In the country, studies for Syrian refugees’ employment and gaining their economic freedom and living in more humane conditions; also for Turkish children to attend school not to working life are under execution. Some of them are; The Project “Elimination of The Worst Forms of Child Labor in Turkey” with the technical support of ILO**‘s Turkey Representative was implemented (2005-2007) in 7 cities (Çankırı-Kastamonu-Sinop-Ordu-Elazığ-Erzurum-Van); The project “To Combat Child Labor Through Education in Turkey” (From Field to School)(2004-2008) in Ankara, Şanlıurfa, Gaziantep, Elazığ, Ağrı, Mardin cities was implemented with the financial support of USA Labor Ministry-International Labor Office and with the coordination of Working Children Department of it and General Directorate of Primary Education of Ministry of Education (www.csgb.gov.tr). In addition, an ILO** Project aiming to eliminate child labor in hazelnut farming in Ordu has been realized. (www.ilo.org ,
Despite these developments, Child Labor in turkey is still defined as a problem. Lack of law prohibiting children to be worked in small businesses in which less than 3 employees work and in agricultural sector in which less than 50 employees work, (Labor Law, article 4) and lack of protection program for the children involved in housework or in work on the streets are critised.
*Working Child Report (2012), ILO** and TUIK
UGANDA
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 2003, convention no 182 in 2001 It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
According to UNESCO’s 2011 data in Uganda, 30 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are working, 88,7 % of them are attending school. 34,4 % of the children are both working and attending school. Almost all working children are engaged in agriculture. They are involved in collecting tea, coffee, tobacco, in production of vanilla, cutting, collecting and carrying sugar cane, fishery and breeding. Other works children involved are; making brick, mining, housework, street works, transporting, cross-border trade, and commercial sexual exploitation, forced to be in production of pornography, to be child soldier in armed conflicts as result of trafficking in human.*.
Uganda is a source, transit and destination country for trafficking in human and forced labor. Children and women from Karamoja which is the Uganda’s underdeveloped region are forced to work in housework, to beg and being exploited commercially and sexually. Besides, children trafficked from Kongo, Ruwanda, Burundi, Kenya, Tanzania, South Sudan are forced to work in agriculture or as prostitute. #
In Uganda, 15 projects had been conducted to eliminate the worst forms of child labor since 2002 by ILO-IPEC (http://www.ilo.org/ipec/Regionsandcountries/Africa/Uganda/WCMS_202274/lang—en/index.htm). But today, child labor is still continuing to be the most important problem in Uganda ( http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/647711-uganda-has-two-million-child-workers-report.html).
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
ILO** Convention 138 has not been ratified yet, Convention no 182 had been ratified in 1999. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
Although we can not reach the country-to-date data on the situation of child labor in the United States, employing child labor in agricultural sector and the lack of inspectors in the area of occupational health and safety are criticized in the country. (http://www.hrw.org/support-care
http://www.hrw.org/news/2014/09/17/child-laborers-america-2014, http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/childlabor/)
UZBEKISTAN
ILO** Convention no 138 had been ratified in 2009, convention no 182 in 2008. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***
According to UNESCO’s data, 4,3 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are working, 84,1% of them are attending school. 5 % of the children aged 7 to14 years are both working and attending school. Children are worked in agriculture, in seeding, harvesting and ginning cotton, silk worm rearing, are worked in begging, are exposed to commercial sexual exploitation and forced to work in agriculture as a result of trafficking in human.*.
National Action Plan including child labor had been implemented in 2013-2014. National Action Plan Against Trafficking in Human and Education Sector Plan have been carried out to prevent/eliminate child labor in 2013-2017.
Uzbekistan is a source country for trafficking in human and forced labor.# At the first time in 2013 within the scope of ILO** convention no 182, Uzbekistan cooperated with ILO** to combat child labor in cotton harvesting. Uzbekistan are criticized not adopting convention systematically after seen that 53 cases were existing. Beside a global campaign has been started to combat forced labor in cotton sector.(http://www.cottoncampaign.org/)
Uzbek women and children are trafficked to United Emirates, India, Indonesia, Turkey, Kirghizistan, Greece, Russia to be exploited commercially sexually.
YEMEN
ILO** Convention no 138 and 182 had been ratified in 2000. It has been as part of ILO-IPEC***.
According to UNESCO’s 2012 data in Yemen, 13,6 % of the children aged 5 to 14 years are working, 68 % of them are attending school. 10,3 % of the children aged 7 to 14 years are both working and attending school. Children are engaged in child labor including mostly agricultural sector, collecting catha edulis ( a plant having a stimulating effect), collecting fruits and vegetables, fishery, hunting, mining, car repair shop, streets, restaurants. Besides children are exposed to commercial sexual exploitation which is one of the worst form of child labor, and they are forced to work in drug trafficking, to work in illegal works, to be a child soldier (both for the state or for the armed forces).*.
Yemen is a source, transit and destination country on trafficking in human. Boys are usually trafficked to cities such as Aden, Sana or to the countries such as Saudi Arabia, Oman. These children are forced to work in housework, to be prostitute, to be begged. Some Yemen Children are taken by Houthi Militants to be involved in conflicts. #.
Many projects in the country to prevent child labor and the worst forms of child labor have been adopted by ILO** and other NGOs. But still being afraid of rise in the number of child labor. (http://www.irinnews.org/report/73964/yemen-fears-over-possibly-rising-number-of-child-labourers).
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*USDOL // United States Department of Labour
**ILO // International Labour Organization
***ILO-IPEC // International Labour Organisation- International Programme on Eliminating Child Labour ILO** Çocuk Emeğinin Sona Erdirilmesi Programı
#Trafficking in Persons 2013 Report: Country Narratives
iÇalışan Çocuklar (Working Child) 2012 Raporu, ILO** ve TÜİK
*2013 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor, United States Department of Labor, Bureau of International Affairs, September 2014